Shows the average daily wages of various occupations in Athens and Piraeus. Processing plants called breaker buildings were symbols of pride for mine communities. Table shows average tax by acre for each state in 1929. Another statute required employers to hire pit bosses to examine every working place in the mine, but only as often as practicable. A third rule required the managers to water the coal dust, but only when they detected a dangerous level of gas. Source: BLS. Broken out by men's and women's jobs. Bathroom: Source: BLS. Wages are shown in Finnish marks. Table 26 shows wages for laborers with board for every year from 1780-1937; the, In the 1920s, people could sell their blood to hospitals for$35-50 perquart. 297. for rural households in the U.S. and selected foreign countries. The workday ended at 5:30 in the evening when the sunlight had already faded over the mountains. Immigrants in southern West Virginia comprised some 25 nationalities, including Italians, Hungarians, Poles, Austrians and Russians. After the top fell, they returned to break and load the fallen coal before another layer of the top came crashing down with a tremendous roar. Discusses doctor and hospital fees as well as related expenses such as home nursing care. Dollars. Compares wage rates and hours of work for the WWI and WWII eras, focusing specifically on the manufacturing, mining, railroad, printing and maritime industries, as well as farm labor wages. White familiesspent an average $103.71/yearon medical care around 1928-1931. Wiki User. For hours on end, a trapper boys ears would take in the strange sounds made by creaking timbers, rattling coal cars, clopping mules, and thudding blasts of explosions deep in the mine, while his eyes would behold surreal sights, like the white bones of ancient fish skeletons and the remains of tropical plants when they were illuminated by the miners lamps. (Click image for detail), Marie Concannon, Government Information Librarian Report published in 1925 mainly covers wages in manufacturing industries. Sometimes they hired guards or brought in government troops to maintain order and control strikers. By 1850, approximately half of Kanawha Countys slaves worked in the salt industrymany mined coal to fuel the furnaces. HOUSING, FARMS and UTILITIES Shows the average retail prices of staple foodstuffs in Sao Paulo, Brazil. 25-38. Source: BLS, Shows the cost of foodstuffs, clothing, and other necessities in Hungary. Source: BLS, Shows the retail prices of foodstuffs and other necessities throughout different areas of Denmark such as Copenhagen. by RACE Priced by the single unit. How Thatcher broke the miners' strike but at what cost? It is not yet available to read online; check your local library for a printed copy. Smoke from explosions of black powder,the reek of oil lamps, and the pervading coal dust made breathable air something of an obsession with the miner, one miner recalled. Women's: Shows the weekly earnings for 9 occupations in Amsterdam, Haarlem, the Hague, and Rotterdam. This risk increased enormously when inexperienced miners failed to undercut the coal before blasting and took the risk of shooting on the solid.. Covers occupations in the building trades, metal trades, printing trades, coal mining and more. Source: BLS Monthly labor review, Apr 1926, Shows the average retail prices of various foodstuffs throughout Switzerland. Shows breakouts for automobile manufacture, cigar making, boots/shoe making, men's clothing, iron/steel and more. This website does a good job of organizing a complex topic. Every workday a panel of miners, ranging from fourteen to twenty-eight men, passed through a main entry and then turneddown a side entry. 407. Wages are shown in shillings. The miners dressed in overalls, or bank clothes, for working the coal banks and wore cloth caps fitted with small oil lamps that lit their way in the tunnels. Shows salaries for sevenoccupations inpolice departments of 25American cities. Data gathered by the National Industrial Conference Board (a group of industry associations) which used European government publications for information. Shows firemen salaries for 25 American cities including New York City, Chicago, New Orleans, Indianapolis, Buffalo, Boston, Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis, Kansas City and more. Heed no operators tale! Source: BLS. Wages are shown in contemporary US dollars. Managers liked immigrants because they worked for low wages. One task was to test for the build-up of flammable methane gas. Source: 1930 Census of Agriculture. One threat the animals and birds could detect was the odor of gas that oozed from the ancient vegetation compacted over the ages. In 1925, motor vehicles were scrapped at an average age of 6.5 years. At suppertime, youngsters like Frank would sit with the men on a pile of slate and listen as veterans of the mine would sing songs, spin yarns, and tell jokes; they would rib the boys, trick them for laughs, and tell them tall tales of the devilish apparitions that appeared to them down in the hole. by OCCUPATION University of Missouri, Columbia Survey covered only white families over a certain. Girl's: Some picked slate and other debris out of the coal on fast-moving conveyor belts. 412. For example, a dollar earned in 2020 had the same buying power as 7 in 1928. Shows typical pay in stock companies, dramas, musical comedies, vaudeville and screen, from extras to Hollywood stars. by STATE View object record Steam whistle With industrialization, workers lost control of when to start, eat, and end their day. When young Frank Keeney walked through a mine portal in 1892, perhaps an older miner, maybe a neighbor, offered him some words of consolation or, at least, instruction as they traveled in and outof the mine on what was known as a man trip. Or he might have heard some words of warning from the older boys who led the mules and coal cars back and forth through the door he tended. along with the country of origin, value in that country, transportation charges, duty charges and retail price in the U.S. Includes a photo of most items. Source: BLS. Miners spent their entire shift underground, taking lunch, drinks, and snacks with them. Source: BLS, Shows the cost of foodstuffs and other necessities in Greece. Under other circumstances, mine tops fell without warning. Source: BLS. Source: Lists costs of running a farm, including costs of power, labor, insurance, interest on loans, etc. 8836. Miners left their pits to fight the attempt of the Thatcher government to close the collieries, break the miners' union and the labour movement in general, and open the way to a free market economy in which deregulated financial capitalism would be set free by the Big Bang of 1986. A room in the Pocahontas seam could be more than 10 feet high, while workplaces in the Kanawha and New River seams often were no taller than four feet. From the Newcomb-Endicott store, Detroit, Michigan. See also "C" tab above for carpenters, cement workers, etc. Pianos, violins, guitars & banjos, accordions, other musical instruments. Miscellaneous: By 1910, more Italian immigrants lived in McDowell County than anywhere else in the state. Engineers used anemometers to measure airflow within mines. Every workingman was supposed to have his turn when it came to getting an empty coal car, because each collier deserved an equal opportunity to get his load to the weigh station. Source: BLS, Shows the average retail prices of food, clothing, and fuel prices in Shanghai. Data gathered by the National Industrial Conference Board using foreign government sources. Shows the daily cost of food, heat, and light for a working family of 4 following independence. 1920, Home plans and costs to build in California, 1920, Retail prices of building materials by city, 1922, Building material prices paid by farmers, 1923-1924, Cost to construct houses, by type of material - 1921, Building material prices paid by farmers, 1910-1960, Farm real estate - Average value by state and county, 1920, Price of farm land by county in selected states, 1912-1924, New England farms and land - Average value by county, 1920-1930, Farm real estate values in Midwestern states, 1912-2019, Land in Missouri - Cost to rent or buy by county, 1922, Rents in working class neighborhoods in Cincinnati, 1920, Household heating fuel costs and expenditures by city, 1927, Electricity - Average monthly bill, 1924-1950, Household electricity costs and expenditures by city, 1927, Changes in retail prices of electricity, 1923-38, Car prices with illustrations, 1900-1920s, Gasoline prices andtaxes, and annual consumption per vehicle, 1920-1939, Horse-drawn carriages, buggies and accessories, 1920, Horse and mule prices by state, 1919-1920, City transit fares in NY, PA, OH and MA - 1927, Streetcar, omnibus and subway rates, 1926, Passenger train fare in the U.S., 1871-1933, RR ticket prices between NYC and Chicago, 1910-1944, accessories (diapers, baby bottles, etc. Compares 1927 and 1913 earnings. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wage in both yen and US dollars. Source: BLS, Shows the average wages of Spanish agricultural workers in different cities. Coal mining jobs - Hours and earnings, 1919-1933; Coal mining wages by state, 1923 Source: Miners' wages and the cost of coal: an inquiry into the wages system., pp. The failure of a mine boss to dampen the coal dust was the reason the Red Ash mine blew up in 1905, killing thirteen men and boys on Fire Creek. Wages shown in 1930 US dollars. Then, with their lamps casting a dim yellow light on the dark hillside, the men and boys disappeared one by one into the hole, like ants entering a colony. Shows weekly wages for male and female workers in common industries such as textile manufacture and mining, and also more uncommon like ice cream manufacture and hospitality services. Wages are based on the average weekly full-time positions from large cities. Includes clam, lobster, oyster industries and more. Source: U.S. Congressional Serial Set Vol. "A good hotel room costs only $4-5 per day while a hospital charges $6 and $7." Shows data for 12 cities located in NY, OH, PA and MA, including NYC, Boston, Philadelphia and more. He later recalled his terror at being lost in a maze of underground rooms when his lamp went out. Source: One-page table shows 80 years of average retail prices for bread, milk, eggs and other common food items. Shows wages and hours of workers in the cotton industry over a 23 year period. In West Virginia's colliers, miners were paid 49 cents per ton of clean coal, compared with 76 cents in the unionized mines of Ohio. Shows average public employee pay for each state. Meanwhile, his wife Mary operated the Nellis boarding house for foreign-born miners. "In this region, I presume that a fee of $200 would be a pretty fair estimate of the surgeon's charge for operation and the after-treatment there would be between the operation and the death of the patient." 1920, Wages by occupation - Manchuria, 1920-1921, Daily and monthly wage earnings - Soviet Union, 1926-1927, Average yearly wages in the Soviet Union, 1929-1932, salaries paid school teachers throughout Russia, seldom exceed 12 rubles per month in late 1923, Agricultural wages - Switzerland in 1914, 1921, 1930, Earnings and prices - Switzerland, 1920-1921, Wages in Great Britain, France and Germany (with addendum for Switzerland), Minimum wage legislation in various countries, Comparative wage rates in the U.S. and in foreign countries, 1927, Wages paid on steamships by country and occupation, 1922, wages paid to Chinese and Lascar (Indian or southeast Asian) employees, Farm family incomes in Wake County, North Carolina - 1926, Foods - Average retail prices over time, 1923-36, Foods - Average retail prices across 39 cities, 1920-1928, corn meal, rice, potatoes, granulated sugar, coffee and tea, onions, navy beans, prunes, raisins, canned salmon, evaporated milk, margarine, lard, oats, corn flakes, wheat cereal, macaroni, canned baked beans, canned corn, canned peas, canned tomatoes, bananas, oranges, Food price averages for each year from 1890-1970, Cigarette, cigar and rolling papers - Los Angeles, 1921, Farm houses in Iowa - Value and size, 1923, Sears homes with costs to build, 1908-1939, Cost of materials to build a Sears home, ca. 8836. Source: U.S. BLS Bulletin, No. Gasoline cost an average21.7 per gallon in 1929. On one hand, the miners discipline and death-defying courage made them ideal industrial soldiers; on the other hand, the qualities the men forged in underground combat with the elementsbravery, fraternal fealty, and group solidarityhardened them for aboveground combat with their employers. Wage rates by occupation in foreign countries (sometimes just to a certain city in the foreign country), assembled for easy comparison to U.S. wage rates for the same occupations. Source: Includes district-specific information and the average output of coal per person per shift. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wages for workers in different occupations in French coal mines. A trapper like Frank had to pay close attention to his duties, opening and closing the doors regularly to keep the air moving and to allow coal cars to pass back and forth. Wages are shown in contemporary U.S. dollars. NOTE: Forhouseholdincome data for 1929, we recommend a1934 Brookings Institution report titled America's Capacity to Consume. Shows the daily wages of Chilean miners between 1911 and 1924 in both pesos and the U.S. dollar. Includes drug items, toilet items, and miscellaneous items. Cabinets and cookware. Source: Compares 1922 to1940 wage rates for a variety of RR jobs, pp. Its an era of company town labor we are not likely to see return as automation and renewable energy continue to render these kinds of occupations obsolete. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wages for various occupations in 6 different industries in Japan. 514. Union wages by occupation and city, 1922-1928, Women's median wages by state and industry, 1910s-1920s, Cigarette packs - Average retail price by brand, 1929, Average college expenses and tuition by institution, 1928, Family budgets by income group, 1918-1930, https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages, Common labor - Average entrance wage rates, 1926-1934, Union wages by occupation and city, 1920-1921, Steam fitters' and sprinkler fitters' helpers, Structural-iron workers: finishers' helpers, Union wages by occupation and city, 1929-1930, Captains, masters, mates, pilots, and engineers, Maintenance-of-way employees: Gang foremen, Maintenance-of-way employees: Assistant gang foremen, Maintenance-of-way employees: Iron workers, Maintenance-of-way employees: Masons, bricklayers, and plasterers, Maintenance-of-way employees: Section laborers, Maintenance-of-way employees: Crossing and bridge flagmen and gatemen, War and postwar wages, prices, and hours, 1914-23 and 1939-44, Urban Negro weekly earnings by sex and occupational class, 1925, Negro wages by occupation - Chicago, 1920, Teacher salaries by race - North Carolina, 1922, Teacher salaries by race - Texas, 1925-1926, Accountants, auditors, bookkeepers, etc. 358, Average hours and earnings by occupation and district. Believed to be the worst coal mine disaster ever, an explosion at the Bnxh mine in Liaoning province killed 1,549 people in 1942. Boys labored inside, sorting coal by size and removing rock. Prices on pp. Coal industry labor strikes were common from the turn of the century up through the 1930s, as were catastrophic workplace injuries and the prevalence of black lung disease. A strong, skilled coal loader might fill five or more cars in a day. Working in coal mines is dangerous miners have to deal with toxic . Shows the "living wage" per week for different metropolitan areas of Australia. See quartile, "Women in Alabama industries: a study of hours, wages and working conditions," Women's Bureau Bulletin #34 (. Wages are shown in Italian lire. Shows the hourly and weekly wages for 12 principal industries throughout Germany. Other enslaved African Americans escaped from the salt works to Ohio, a free state only 60 miles away. And your eye upon the scale! Totals are shown in Canadian dollars. Tip: use the search tool to look for words like cents or rate. Shows family expenditures by category. Chain store prices for a pack of Lucky Strike, Chesterfield, Camel, Old Gold or Piedmont. That the presidents persistent nostalgia for a yesteryear America had such visceral effect on rural voters only betrays the entrenched anxiety of a region where decline is a multi-generational way of life. Even the most skilled miners could not detect the presence of kettle bottoms, the petrified remains of huge ancient tree trunks that could plunge through the roofs and crush workers. Wages shown in contemporary US dollars. A standard tune in miners lore began with lyric, Youve been docked and docked again, boys / Youve been loading two for one, and asked what the miner had to show for working so hard. Discussion covers the history of minimum wage legislation in Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Canada, South Africa, Mexico, France, Norway, Argentina, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Uruguay, Hungary, Poland, Italy, and Rumania (Romania) up to 1928. Describes the labor policy of New Zealand in the 1920's and throughout the rest of the early 20th century. Table 25 shows additional breakouts for skilled and white collar workers by region (. Wages are shown in French francs. Sporting goods: Source:Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis. Source: Bulletin #269 of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, "Farm Family Living Among White Owner and Tenant Operators in Wake County," pages 24-28. Shows annual salaries for all school personnel in Texas without breakouts for occupation, years of training, years of experience, etc. Engineers working for Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co. used this model to visualize the coal seams and design their mines. The miners world was dark and dangerous. Government Documents Department, Ellis Library "The fees and cost of books, instruments, board, room, laundry and incidentals will hardly be less than $400 per session of thirty-two weeks." Stealing another mans coal was considered a terrible crime. A thief could commit this offense easily, simply by removing one miners brass check from his coal car and replacing it with his own; but the miners often detected this kind of trickery and banded together to demand the thiefs termination. Frank Keeney left no account of how he felt the day he entered the mine portal, but one imagines the dread that might have accompanied a ten-year-old boys first trip into the hole. 525. Source: Very simple table shows average hours and earnings for all production workers in manufacturing for each year from 1919-1960. Wages shows in 1930 US dollars. Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages of masons, carpenters, stonecutters, painters, shoemakers, and tailors in each of the provincial capitals of Spain. Watch the rocks, theyre falling daily, Coal Miners - West Virginia $32k - $76k. Source: BLS, Shows the annual earnings of manual and nonmanual workers in Sweden. Shows wages and hours for union bricklayers, building laborers, carpenters, cement finishers,hod carriers, inside wiremen, painters, plasterers, plumbers, stonecutters and more. Includes breakouts by state, source of income, and more. School and office supplies: Wages are shown in French francs. Red Ash mine was also the location of a disaster in 1900, which killed forty-six miners. Shows pay for those involved in "1st class New York City productions" including actors of various levels (from chorus to leads) as well as directors, designers, scene painters, stage hands, etc. Part of a section on Negro women's wages. His salary was paid entirely by coal companies. Source: BLS. Coal companies also recruited in Europe. Source: Table shows 52 years of time-series prices on individual foods, such as. Source: BLS. From, Average monthly wages by state,with and without board. See "Blood donation" in. Covers Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Italy and Austria. Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages and hours of workers in 4 different industries in Madrid. Workers focused on the pace of work, safety, and wages. Shows the average weekly hours and hourly wages for workers in the boot and shoe industry. Includes wage data for Chicago as well. Calvin & Hobbes creator Bill Watterson is back. Source: the Historian of the U.S. Between 12th and 14th Streets It may be necessary to read the chapters pertaining to the country, but you can find the actual minimum wages in the discussion. But Appalachian coal production peaked in 1918. This mammoth work lists typical earnings as well as job descriptions and working conditions for thousands of occupations just before the Great Depression. A mail order catalog for the Fall/Winter season, 1920-1921. Miners waiting to start their shift at the Virginia-Pochahontas Coal Company mine near Richland, Virginia, in 1974. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review (July 1930), Shows the average wages of multiple occupation in the mining industry. Source: BLS Bulletin no. During the first three decades of the 20th century, African Americans comprised about 25 percent of all southern West Virginia miners. The union was very important to miners. A man sometimes had to get down on his hands and knees, with his left shoulder, well padded, against the car, bracing himself with his toes against the ties and the dirt of the floor, wrote a former miner, while his partner controlled the brakes to keep the car from rolling back on the pusher if he slipped or grew tired. Back injuries, broken legs, and severed feet and fingers were common. Prices are shown in Mexican pesos. Source: BLS, Shows the wages of a variety of occupations both in and outside of Copenhagen, Denmark. From the Louisiana Department of Labor and Industrial Statistics Biennial Report for 1929-1930. Each table is for a different New Zealand city. By the 1940s, the United Mine Workers union had established better wages and somewhat safer conditions for miners, though a contentious relationship between workers and bosses persisted. Coal operators enticed workersmany African Americanto move to West Virginia from Virginia and the Deep South. They designed complex ventilation systems with fans and interior doors to keep dangerous gases from causing explosions. Source: BLS. Industries and occupations included are toilers, manufacturing, construction, mining, and more. Wages of pattern makers, molders, drill press operators, lathe hands, machinists and more. The region's first coal miners primarily were African Americans, both enslaved and free. Shows brand names. Source: BLS, Shows the average wage rates for 19 different occupations in Hamburg, Germany. Tomorrow night at 9pm PBSs American Experience will broadcast The Mine Wars, based on the book. Shows the daily wages of various common and low-skill occupations like building laborers, canners, and rice mill workers throughout the state. Source: BLS. Farm laborers in Missouri earned an average $41.90/month in 1921. Patterns for sewing children's clothes, stockings, union suits, toys, bicycles. Describes the labor policy of South Africa in the 1920's and throughout the rest of the early 20th century. Mr. Typical compensation for directors, camera men, editors and more in, Shows typical earnings for reporters, feature writers, sports editors and others, in. This Farmers' Bulletin, Cost of Using Horses on Corn-Belt Farms, goes into great detail about the costs of keeping work horses, including a. After they loaded coal from the fallen pillars, the colliers and their helpers pushed their cars out into the main entry as fast as possible before sections of the roof collapsed. Wages are shown in Brazilian milreis and contemporary US dollars. 467. Wages are shown in 1930 US dollars. College professor salaries, 1928 (Source: AAUP report). Source: U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Shows expenditures by category with prices per article and amounts needed annually for a family of five. West Virginias drift mines were cut into the mountains horizontally and its slope mines descended gradually into the earth. Indicates prices per kilowatt-hour by areas and cities. Source: BLS, Shows prices of dozens of food and grocery items, soap, coal, wood by the cord, matches by the box and, Shows the amount spent by a typical Canadian family on food, laundry, fuel/lighting, and rent over time. Kitchen: The need to correct these abuses led the UMWA to demand the employment of a check-weigh man whom the miners could trust. Shows the average weekly earnings by industry and occupation. Details the prices of appliances, furniture, and more household items on pp. Infant's: Wages are shown in Brazilian milreis. Source: Appendix in. Table 41 in this source shows the average salary for all teachers in elementary and secondary schools in New York state, not including NYC. Wages are shown in both German marks and contemporary U.S. dollars. Source: BLS. in FOREIGN COUNTRIES, FOOD At the far end of the room, the miner lay down on his side and cut under the bottom of the coal face with his pick, inching his way into the cut and hoping the coal was hard enough not to collapse on him. Wages are shown in Mexican pesos. Salary data for judges inNY, PA, NJ and CT. Wages are shown in Brazilian milreis. Source: U.S. Dept. Handkerchiefs, slippers, watches, umbrellas, hair brushes and combs, Christmas decorations. Lists annual pay for individuals occupying administrative and supervisory positions in the executive and judicial branches. These were the underground attitudes Frank Keeney absorbed as he entered manhood as a coal miner. But to those who suffered alone in silence, the chorus offered hope and strength: Union miners, stand together! Coal powered industrial America. Coal Miners (Pay) (Hansard, 27 November 1973) Photographer + writer. Shows the income of each member of a Zurich household and the amount that household spent on various necessities like food, clothing, rent, etc. Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Source: BLS. Each table spans 2 book pages, and row labels only show on even-numbered pages. Includes the states of RI, NJ, OH, DE, OK, MO, GA, TN, AR, KY, SC, AL and MS. Describes the labor policy of Mexico in the 1920's and throughout the rest of the early 20th century. Lists ticket prices in NYC, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland and eight more cities in NY, PA, OH and MA. Source: Shows the average hourly wage of a variety of jobs both in and outside of Paris. Source: For each college, this table shows tuition for residents and non-residents by course of study. Covers more than 1,200 cities. Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages for various occupations in Tokyo. Source: BLS, The explanation states: "real wage rates have been computed by the Statistical Office on the basis of the official German cost-of-living index. Shows the average weekly wages of various occupations in 8 different industries in Budapest. Source: Chicago Commission on Race Relations report. UK coal industry employment 1920-2021 | Statista Fascinating book that shows various imported items (such as kid gloves, bloomers, silk nightgown, men's pipe, electric flatiron, glass lamp, etc.) Source: BLS, Shows the retail prices of various foodstuffs in 10 large German cities. Includes a table showing. Shows pay tables based on years of service,for Army and Navygenerals, admirals, colonels, lieutenants, captains, ensigns, etc. After workers had advanced the mine face to the end of the seam, veterans began the dangerous work of removing the massive coal pillars that stood between the rooms and helped support the mine top. The lack of market for coal during the depression had stepped in to push aside both miners and operators as principals in collective bargaining. 45-57. Wages are shown in both Chervonetz roubles and contemporary U.S. dollars. MERCHANDISE MORE PRICES in the U.S. Tools and hardware: Source: BLS, Shows the retail prices of food and commodities in various cities throughout south Manchuria. Boys discovered that serious men turned into jokers when they toiled underground. A Latvian immigrant and devout member of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Old Believers, Michael Simon wore this cross as he labored in Pennsylvania coal mines. Milk cost an average 33 per half gallon in 1920. Shows starting salary and increases granted based on marital status and number of children. In some cases, when word came around that a miner had been scolded or punished by a boss, workers would gather on a pile of slate to talk about the incident, and the bolder ones with a manly bearing toward the boss would speak up for their fellow worker. His pictures also reflect a variegated experience in Appalachia, countering stereotypes by depicting middle-class miners, racial diversity, and community pride. Wages are expressed in both foreign currency and dollars. Some New York City teacher and principal salaries are shown on the following page in Table 42. Appalachias traditionally small, locally owned mines started merging with larger energy firms in the 1960s, and by 1970 bituminous coal employment had dropped to 140,000 people from its 1923 peak of 740,000. FromTHE DEVIL HERE IN THESE HILLS(Atlantic Monthly Press), now out in paperback.
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