The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. 129. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. Shonda responds by changing the subject. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. This is an example of: a. shaping. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. c. humanistic-existential The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. b. biological. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. The brain. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. c. cognitive How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? 71. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. This might even affect how you interact with them. The structure of personality. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. 49. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. 92. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. a. humanistic First, the response is made, and nothing happens. c. cognitive-behavioral Observational learning. b. the libido. 57. Electroconvulsive therapy. 17. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. d. disengaged. Multidimensional Approaches to Understanding Mental Illness | Abnormal A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. This is an example of behavior modification using: The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. 104. 44. b. exposure Over time I learned that attention was good. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. PDF Psychological Disorders The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. There are two main ways they can present themselves. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. c. phallic stage. 2.3.1.5. d. existential. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. 116. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. b. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). 22. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. b. develop depression even when not under stress. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. 13. 122. 66. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Gen psych chapter 13 - Subjecto.com 2.3.2.1. Right? b. cognitive-behavioral. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. 2.2.3.1. b. anal stage. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. d. hormone therapy. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template c. role-playing. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Preconditioning. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. 114. d. free association. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. 110. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. Genetic issues and explanations. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. This is called the absolute refractory period. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. "That's all right. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? 89. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. His name is Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. c. gestalt. c. existential d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. What is that factor? c. superego. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. These medications fall under five major categories. c. repression. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. 39. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it.
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