The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Foreign Affairs. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. The war was going badly for England. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. J. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. As such, I disagree with the statement. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. . Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). 214 High Street, It had to deal with Irish . In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Spain and France were the major European powers. Company Reg no: 04489574. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Company Reg no: 04489574. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. West Yorkshire, However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Spouse: None. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. 2) This war was not a success. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. LS23 6AD Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. - send 2000 to rebels. Boston House, The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Doodle's Point of View LS23 6AD She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. France was at war with England and Spain. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Student / Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Those who refused this were sent to prison. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. This meant atholics did not think . VAT reg no 816865400. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Boston House, However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. West Yorkshire, Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. (*fragmentary*). He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines.
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